This section outlines the councils requirements for personnel undertaking landscape design projects:
Minimum qualifications.
Roles and responsibilities.
Expertise.
See the following tables for guidanace:
Table 1: Authorised personnel for further guidance on requirements for authorised personnel
Table 2: Preliminary pre – start checklist (prior to commencement on site).
Table 1: Authorised personnel
Item
Personnel/profession
Requirements
Co-ordinating and supervising Landscape Projects
Superintendent
(for the purposes of continuity and clarity, the term superintendent refers to the person supervising the Open Space project, e.g. construction superintendent)
Client representative as defined in AS 2124:1992 General Conditions of Contract
Tertiary qualifications, training and/or relevant industry experience in the field Project Management
A person nominated by Sunshine Coast Regional Council, e.g. Council Project Delivery Officer
External Project Delivery officer (Council does not take responsibility for delivery of landscape for external projects).
Landscape Plans
Landscape Design/Documentation, specifications and advice
Landscape Architect
Graduate diploma of Landscape Architecture (or approved equivalent)
A minimum 3 years experience in the field of landscape architecture.
Aborist Reporting (including NATSPEC certificates and Tree Protection Zones)
Aboricultural works
Arborist
ISA certification; or an AQF level 5 (Diploma) in Arboriculture, or approved equivalent
A minimum 3 years current experience in the field of arboriculture.
Horticultural Practices
Horticultural/Landscape works
Horticulturist
Supervisor – AQF level 4 (Certificate IV) in Horticulture, or approved equivalent
Field worker – AQF Level 3 (Certificate III) in Horticulture, or approved equivalent
A minimum 3 years experience in the field of horticulture.
Arboricultural Practices/Tree works
Arborist
Supervisor – AQF level 5 (Diploma) in Arboriculture, or approved equivalent
Field worker – AQF Level 3 (Certificate III) in Arboriculture, or approved equivalent.
Landscape works under contract
Contractor
Contractor is a person who enters into a formal contract to perform specific work
Also used in relation to companies that take on whole project.
Rehabilitation Plan
Landscape Rehabilitation/Ecological assessment
Landscape Architect or Ecologist
Graduate diploma of Landscape Architecture (or approved equivalent) or Bachelor of Science in Ecology and Conservation Biology
A minimum 3 years experience in the field of landscape architecture, horticulture or ecology.
Electrical work
Electrician
Licensed under the Electrical Contractors Licensing Act to perform the required work.
Herbicide distribution
Commercial operators licence
(for ground distribution of herbicides)
For the purposes of ground distribution of herbicides, the operator must either:
Hold a commercial operator’s licence and carries out the ground distribution under the licence
Operates the equipment under the supervision of the holder of a commercial operator’s licence.
Table 2: Preliminary pre – start checklist (prior to commencement on site)
Task
Items
Date
Pre-start meeting to clarify issues and establish management procedures, including relevant SCC officers and project team deemed necessary by the Superintendent, but not limited to:
Superintendent
Council officer for internal projects
nominated Superintendent for external projects.
Landscape Architect/Designer
Park Operations (maintenance and infrastructure)
Council Environment Compliance Officer
Project Arborist
Landscape Contractor (and other relevant contractors)
Development Assessment Officer (not required for internal projects).
insert date here
Pre-start meeting items, including, but not limited to:
Construction program and timeframes
Health and safety requirements:
white card (formerly known as a blue card) – general construction safety induction card
any other relevant tickets documented.
Site restrictions/compliance requirements
Extent of works
Project hold points
Tree protection requirements
Site yard location, signage, stockpile locations and access points
Vegetation authorised for clearing
Approved documents and plans have been read and understood by contractors
Community consultation.
insert date here
Tree Protection Zones (TPZ) for all trees requiring protection are confirmed by Project Arborist on site. Works are to comply with:
AS 4970:2009 Protection of trees on development sites
Council Tree and Native Vegetation Management Policy (draft).
insert date here
Tests and investigations
All underground and overhead services are to be located prior to commencement of works
Dial Before You Dig (DBYD) investigations supplied.
insert date here
Where subject area is potentially contaminated by unexploded ordnance (UXO), search and clearance by a specialist UXO clearance contractor is required.
insert date here
Acid sulfate soils investigations supplied, where required.
insert date here
Aboriginal and Cultural heritage investigations supplied, where required.
insert date here
Soil tests where required.
insert date here
Electrical certification where required.
insert date here
Plumbing certification where required.
insert date here
Engineered design and any required certifications.
insert date here
Design
Schedule of finishes, specifications of materials.
insert date here
Technical information – the manufacturer’s product, installation, inspection, warranties and maintenance information.
insert date here
Approvals, searches, compliant drawings and documentation – written compliance with relevant legislation, Australian Standards and corporate documents (including specifications and access and mobility requirements).
insert date here
General
Unusual requirements for handling or installation and competency requirements.
insert date here
Workplace health and safety plan, including public safety around work sites and traffic management, where required.
insert date here
Environmental management plan (EMP) and/or erosion and sediment control plan, where required.
insert date here
Preliminary site setup (refer LIM category) – general site induction, compliance with safety, tree protection, erosion and sediment control measures.
All works undertaken under a Council landscape works contract will require the following hold points to be adhered to. The contractor must ensure all hold points have been signed off by the appointed Superintendent prior to continuation of work. The Landscape Designer or Superintendent may determine that additional hold points are required.
See Table 3: Hold points for further guidance.
Table 3: Hold points
INSERT EXCEL TABLE TBD
* Note: Where plants are sourced from outside of Queensland, a Plant Health Assurance Certificate (PHAC) is required by Biosecurity Queensland as evidence that the business is conforming to the specified quarantine requirements under the Interstate Certification Assurance (ICA) scheme is also to be submitted for approval.
All plant stock, growing media and mulch is sourced from suppliers with Nursery Industry Accreditation Scheme Australia (NIASA) certification from the Nursery and Garden Industry Queensland (NGIQ), or accreditation from Landscape Queensland.
Where detailed, soil tests are to be carried out for each specified stockpile of site soil. In general, there should not be a need for testing imported soil.
Generally, soil testing on site soil is required on specific projects, for example high profile or seriously degraded sites, or as directed by the Superintendent.
Where required, soils to be ameliorated as per soil test certificate prior to use on site.
As a minimum, a soil pH test is to be carried out to determine the suitability of the site or imported soil to the desired plant palette.
Soil testing is to be used to inform and instruct the design process.
Where specified, onsite soil is to be tested and screened as recommended in:
AS 4419:2003 – Soils for landscaping and garden use
AS 1289 – Method of testing soils for engineering methods
Soil Chemical Methods – Australasia (Australian Soil and Land Survey Handbooks Series) by George E. Rayment and David J. Lyons (this book supersedes and updates the soil chemical testing section of the 1992 Australian Laboratory Handbook of Soil and Water Chemical Methods by Rayment and Higginson).
Where required, a bioassay of the surrounding site topsoil, imported topsoil and the completed media (topsoil mix) detailing the nutrient levels, pH and biological properties for each landscape bed is to be provided to the Superintendent.
All analysis is to be carried out by a National Association of Testing Authorities (NATA) approved laboratory capable of carrying out the complete schedule of soil test parameters.
A Certified Practicing Soil Scientist (CPSS) member and/or a soil scientist who is eligible for membership with the Australian Soil Scientist Society (ASSS) is to assess the interpretation of the planting media tests.
Superintendent will instruct as to which additives are required to improve the soil, according to the results of the bioassay.
Council reserves the right to randomly sample and conformance test the imported soil.
Representative samples of each backfill/topsoil material are to be submitted to the Superintendent, packed so as to prevent cross contamination and labelled to indicate source and content.
In the case of bulk material, 2.0 kg samples of backfill/topsoil are to be supplied to Superintendent for approval, five (5) working days prior to delivery.
Contractor is to arrange an inspection of the plants with Superintendent at point of supply and prior to arrival of plants on site, or provide digital photos for the approval of the Superintendent as agreed.
The contractor must submit written statements from suppliers of plants and other material detailing the following information:
Particulars of the suppliers experience in the required type of work.
Topsoil certification as per AS 4419:2003 Soils for landscaping and garden use.
NATSPEC certification for tree stock – see section 11.0 Trees for more guidance.
Product Warranty: Seven (7) working days prior to the installation of plants, the Contractor is to submit a written statement from the suppliers certifying that plants are true to the required species and type, and are free from diseases, pests and weeds.
Pesticides are to be registered by the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA) under the Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals (Queensland) Act 1994.
Name of the licenced commercial operator carrying out or supervising the distribution of chemicals and, as required by the Agricultural Chemicals Distribution Control Act 1966 (ACDC act)and the Agricultural Chemicals Distribution Control Regulation 1998 (ACDC regulation).
Detailed records of each spraying operation directed or authorised under the current Queensland ACDC Act and ACDC Regulation.
Production capacity for material of the required type, sizes and quantity.
Details of pre-delivery conditions of the proposed plants (sun hardening period).
Where plants are sourced from outside of Queensland, a Plant Health Assurance Certificate (PHAC) is required by Biosecurity Queensland as evidence that the business is conforming to the specified quarantine requirements under the Interstate Certification Assurance (ICA) scheme. The ICA scheme is a system of plant health certification based on quality management principles.
Contractor to submit written production capacity for plant materials of the specified type, sizes and quantity.
Contractor to submit written lead times for delivery of the material to the site.
Measurements and dimensions are minimum requirements. Considerations for substitutions and replacements are to ensure the following:
Alternatives to documented products, methods or systems must be accompanied by sufficient information to permit evaluation prior to approval.
All variations or substitutions are to be approved by the Superintendent prior to commencement. If the substitution is for any reason other than unavailability, submit evidence that the substitution is:
of net enhanced value to the project
consistent with the project drawings and is as effective as the identified item, detail or method.
No plants, plant sizes and/or plant numbers are to be substituted or altered without prior approval of Superintendent.
Submission of a plant proposal is necessary if any plants are unavailable and require substitution.
In the event that other civil, electrical or hard landscape works are programmed for construction after the placement of turf, plants, trees or mulch during the landscape construction, the Contractor is to protect soft landscaping works from damage using barricades and best practice techniques.
A Safety Data Sheet (SDS), previously called a Material Safety Data Sheet, is a document containing important information about a hazardous chemical which may be identified as both a hazardous substance and/or dangerous good. The SDS provides health and safety representatives, employers, self-employed persons and workers with the necessary information to safely manage the risk from hazardous substance exposure.
Council requires the following :
A current SDS be readily available in paper form for all substances that may be transported on a work vehicle and at sites where work is to be undertaken.
The Contractor and/or Contractor’s staff engaged in the handling or use of chemicals have thoroughly read the product label and have ready access to a SDS for each chemical being used.
The relevant SDS and product labels are to be onsite whenever chemicals are being used.
Plant is defined by section 5 of the Workplace Health and Safety Act (OHS) 1995 as ‘any machinery, equipment or tool and any component thereof’.
Before the movement of plants, plant products or related items, such as soil and machinery, relevant quarantine restrictions are to be complied with.
All necessary measures must be taken to prevent fire ants (or any stages of the fire ant life cycle) entering the work site. For further information, refer to the Queensland Government Department of Agriculture and Fisheries (DAF).
The movement of plants and planting material is to comply with the following:
Movement of plants within Queensland does not require a Plant Health Certificate, although Biosecurity Queensland requires monitoring of the following plant groups and diseases:
papaya (Carica papaya) and cucurbits (cucumbers, melons, pumpkins) – Papaya ringspot virus (type P and type W)
Where plants are sourced from outside of Queensland, a Plant Health Assurance Certificate (PHAC) is required by Biosecurity Queensland as evidence that the business is conforming to the specified quarantine requirements under the Interstate Certification Assurance (ICA) scheme. The ICA scheme is a system of plant health certification based on quality management principles.
Biosecurity Queensland administers the Plant Protection Act 1989 and Plant Protection Regulation 2002 to prevent, control and remove pest infestations, and to facilitate the movement of plants into and out of Queensland.
Where required, break up soil to a minimum depth of 300 mm.
Minimum 400 mm depth friable imported garden blend soil (depth to be determined on existing soil substrate) 20% organic content..
In situations where tubestock are to be installed, minimum friable topsoil depth is to be 200 mm.
Decompact and cultivate subgrade to 150 mm depth.
Shape sub-soil to fall naturally to low points or to sub-soil drains where applicable.
Remove any spoil and deleterious material off-site.
Remove weeds, roots, boulders, rubbish and other debris.
Garden beds are to be set down 10 mm from top of adjoining hard surfaces, after mulch has settled.
Where possible and to the approval of the Superintendent, mulch vegetative spoil on site and use on site.
Batter plantings should consider the following:
Formal planting areas (maintained) - 1:4 is preferred
Regeneration areas (self sustaining) - 1:4 preferred with a maximum of 1:2
Maintenance access - batter gradient is to be minimised.
All landscape gardens to turf interface areas associated with the turf verge must be delineated with a durable hard edge able to withstand brushcutters.
Do not plant during adverse weather conditions. Suspend excavation when the soil is wet or during frost periods.
See Project specifications 8.0 – Mulch for further guidance.
Cultivation is to comply with AS 4419:2003 Soils for landscaping and garden use.
Soil amelioration may be needed depending on the requirements for pH and soil salinity tolerance for desired planting palette. Superintendent is to advise of amelioration requirements in accordance with plant species and/or soil test results.
Thoroughly mix in soil additive materials as required.
Cultivate manually within 300 mm of existing paths or structures.
Cultivate manually within the TPZ of existing trees, under the supervision of Project Arborist.
Remove stones exceeding 25 mm.
Break up or remove clods of earth exceeding 50 mm.
Remove weeds, rubbish and other deleterious material brought to the surface during cultivation.
Trim the surface to design levels after cultivation.
Once cultivated, no vehicle compaction is to be applied. Light compaction under foot traffic is acceptable.
Apply required additives according to AS 4419:2003 Soils for landscaping and garden use. Ensure compliance with the relevant test criteria, soil test certificate and the recommendations of the Superintendent following soil analysis.
The topsoil in garden beds, tree pits and turfed/grass areas is to be improved with additives to the manufacturer’s application instructions, rates and safety procedures in accordance with this specification and the “Schedule of Finishes”.
Composts and soil conditioners are to comply with AS 4454:2012 Composts, soil conditioners and mulches.
Grade topsoil to drain freely and evenly to adjoining ground surfaces (unless specified otherwise).
Landscaping must not obstruct overland flow paths and must include adequate drainage to minimise ponding. Mulch or any floatable material must not be located in swales or overland flow paths.
Finished surfaces must be smooth and free from lumps of soil.
Avoid over compaction of the soil profile.
Landscaping must not encroach onto kerb and channel, footpaths, pedestrian or vehicular circulation areas during any stage of growth. Plants should be positioned with consideration to full height and width potential of the plant at maturity, with no requirement for constant pruning to prevent such encroachments.
Tree removal may be required where the tree is dead, dying or hazardous and there are no alternative options available to manage risk. Only tree clearing approved as part of project documentation or by council is to be carried out.
Ensure all permit and approval requirements are complied with prior to commencement, including requirements for a fauna spotter catcher.
Ensure that surrounding pavement or other structures are not damaged during the tree removal works.
Investigate, locate and avoid contact and/or damage to underground utility services.
Meet all safety and legislative requirements regarding UXO (unexploded ordnances) prior to service delivery.
Erect guards and shields around machinery while in operation to minimise injury or damage due to flying debris.
Stump grinding is to be inclusive of any surface roots that may reasonably be considered a potential trip hazard to pedestrians.
Stump grinding to a minimum depth of 200 mm is required.
All stump grinding is to take place within five days of tree removal.
Woodchip produced during grinding is to be removed from site and placed in council nominated stockpiles.
Depressions created during grinding must be backfilled to existing ground level with soil containing no more than 5% organic matter.
Site is to be left in a clean and safe condition for use by pedestrians.
In the instance that the stump does not require grinding, the stump is to be treated with an appropriate herbicide to prevent reshooting.
Planting media stockpile sites are to be approved by Superintendent, as required.
Imported planting media is not to be stored for more than one (1) week on site without prior approval by Superintendent.
If stockpiling of topsoil media is required for more than one (1) week, is to be stockpiled in a way that ensures biological and structural properties do not degrade.
If stockpiles are to be in place for more than three months, they are to be sown with a seasonally appropriate annual cover crop.
Stockpiles of planting media are to abide by the following:
located minimum 5.0 m from concentrated water flows, including waterways, drainage lines and roadways
outside of TPZ of retained trees
located away from overland flow paths and other environmentally sensitive areas
are to be left with roughened edges to promote air and water infiltration
records are to be kept of location and soil type
limited to a height of 3.0 m and a base of 5.0 m, but may be flat topped
protected upslope by diversion drains
protect against downslope sediment loss using sediment control structures (sediment fencing or approved methods)
protected from the dumping of waste and encroachment of works
are to be kept free of weed species to ensure that the properties of materials are not degraded and made unsuitable for use in the landscaping works.
Eliminate soil compaction throughout the stockpiling process.
Where diesel oil, cement or other phytotoxic material has been spilt during construction and is evident in the sub soil or topsoil, Superintendent is to be contacted immediately for direction.
Superintendent may order further testing of imported topsoil to determine whether contamination of all topsoil imported from that source is evident.
Costs for positive further test and removal of contaminated material are the responsibility of the Contractor.
Spread the growing medium on the prepared sub-soil and grade evenly, making the necessary allowances for light compaction and shaping to the designed surface levels and the placement of mulch.
Depth is to be 300 mm unless otherwise specified, dependent on existing soil substrate.
Application of fertiliser is to be suitable for the plant size and in accordance with manufacturer’s application instructions, rates and safety procedures.
Fertiliser to be delivered to site in sealed bags marked to show manufacturer or vendor, weight, fertiliser type, N: P: K ratio, recommended uses and application rates.
Fertiliser is not to be applied during adverse weather, temperature or wind conditions.
For recommended fertiliser types and application rates, refer to:
Table 4: Fertiliser applications and rates – Garden beds
Table 5: Fertiliser applications and rates – Turfed areas for recommended fertiliser types and application rates.
In planting beds and individual plantings, fertiliser is to be incorporated into the backfill material in accordance with the fertilising regime and as per planting detail.
Complete organic fertiliser is to be applied as per manufacturer’s application instructions, rates and safety procedures.
Where specified, slow release fertiliser tablets are to be applied in accordance with the manufacturer’s application instructions, rates and safety procedures.
Soil wetting agents are designed to overcome the hydrophobic effect, or water repellence, of certain soils. Wetting agents lower the surface tension of water molecules, enabling water to wet the waxy surface of soil particles and allowing water to move into the soil through the pores.
During the installation process, soil wetting agents may be used in mass planted areas, turfed areas and the individual planting of trees and shrubs.
Wetting agents can be used to:
reduce watering requirements.
improve water penetration into soils.
Where specified, wetting agents are to be applied in accordance with the manufacturer’s application instructions, rates and safety procedures.
Avoid placing under root ball and spread evenly through topsoil.
Water storage crystals are small crystals of polymers that are designed to absorb up to four hundred times their weight in water.
Water crystals can be used to improve the water holding capacity of soil.
Water crystals will not change the amount of water a plant uses, but more water may be held for plant use, allowing for longer periods between watering.
Where specified, wetting agents are to be applied in accordance with the manufacturer’s application instructions, rates and safety procedures.
Avoid placing under root ball and spread evenly through topsoil.
Water crystals are not to be used in conjunction with turf installation, a suitable liquid wetting agent is preferred in these situations.
*Note:
Where applicable, considerations are to be given to soil management plans, including amendments and ameliorants to enhance and protect soil.
Fertilisers are to be applied as per manufacturer’s application instructions, rates and safety procedures.
Fertiliser application rates not to exceed manufactures instructions.
All fertilisers are to have associated SDS (Safety Data Sheets) supplied.
Mulch to comply with requirements set out in AS 4454:2012 – Composts, soil conditioners and mulches.
Mulch to be free of damaging material and preferably aged for a minimum of two (2) months after chipping, before being spread on site.
Forest blend mulch is the preferred mulch for all council open space, where suitable.
Hardwood chip should be the secondary preference where forest blend mulch is unavailable.
Hoop pine mulch may be used for decorative purposes in high profile areas. As this mulch has a low nutritional benefit, where hoop pine mulch is used, it is preferred that a thin layer is spread over the top of a forest blend mulch.
Tip mulch is not appropriate for the following reasons:
may not be of uniform size and quality.
it may contain material from diseased vegetation, which may spread potentially fatal diseases (e.g. Phellinus), fungus or pathogens, (e.g. Phytophtora).
mulch that is not properly composted may introduce weed seeds.
can often be hydrophobic, causing drought stress in plants.
possible growth inhibiting properties due to phytotoxic chemicals e.g. polyphenols.
poorly composted mulch may cause nitrogen draw down, locking up nutrients needed for plant growth.
may contain metals and other rubbish which may cause a health risk to workers.
Mulching on to unimproved site soil with a high carbon content/woody mulch product, can result in nitrogen draw down – a situation where micro-organisms draw nitrogen (and other nutrients) out of the soil to try to compost the woody material. This can be alleviated by adding well rotted manure, compost or organic fertiliser prior to mulching.
Mulch to be spread as soon as possible after planting to prevent erosion, loss of soil moisture and weed seed germination.
Mulch is to be installed as per landscape drawing, to a depth between 75 mm and 100 mm unless otherwise specified.
Mulch depth is not to exceed 100 mm. Deep mulching – particularly with mulch containing fines – can restrict air flow causing anaerobic decomposition to take place. A possible side effect of this is alcohol production which has the potential to damage plant cell walls and roots. Anaerobic compost may not have a high enough temperatures to effectively destroy pathogens.
Rake mulch to an even surface level with surrounding finish.
Spread mulch so it is smooth and evenly graded between design surface levels, sloped towards the base of the plant stems.
Mulches are not to be in contact with plant stems. Ensure mulch is no closer to the stem than:
50 mm for shrubs
100 mm for trees.
Form a small bermed dish around plant stems to facilitate flow of water and nutrients to rootball.
Preferably, the area beneath tree canopy (dripline) is to be blanket mulched.
Surrounds of plants planted in riplines (plough lines “ripped” into soil to decompact and loosen soil) and grass areas, provide mulch to 750 mm diameter with trunk at centre.
Hoop pine mulch is not to be used around species that are susceptible to fungal infection by Phellinus noxius, for example:
Araucaria spp.
Ficus spp.
Eucalypts (Eucalyptus, Corymbia and Angophora species)
Poinciana (Delonix regia)
Jacaranda (Jacaranda mimosifolia)
Avocado (Persea americana).
To minimise the occurrence of root rot in Pandanus (Pandanus tectorius), the following measures are advised:
organic mulches are to be avoided.
mulch depth around Pandanus plants is to be less than 100 mm.
coarse river sand is preferred due to its low compaction rates and similarity to local coastal soils.
rock type mulches may also be suitable in this situation.
See Table 6: Mulch Types for guidance – mulch types and applications.
Table 6: Mulch Types
Mulch type
Park type
Applications
Forest blend mulch
All
preferred mulch in most situations.
Hardwood chip
All
secondary preference where forest mulch is unavailable – see text for further guidance about nitrogen drawdown.
1” or 2” hoop pine mulch
High profile areas
attractive mulch that retains moisture and colour well.
can be subject to significant price and price fluctuations.
availability is not always guaranteed.
high impact locations.
holds well on slopes.
River sand
Where specified
only to be used around Pandanus and other sensitive species.
not effective as weed suppressant.
Rock, pebble, river stone mulch
Where specified
only to be used in flood prone landscape areas.
should be avoided near turf areas and play spaces due to risk of plant and equipment damage.
* Note: Mulch sizes are to be specified in Schedule of Finishes.
Vegetative material set aside during clearing and grubbing operations (including trees, bark, shrubs, branches and other suitable materials) is to be processed either through a tub grinder or chipper.
Weed species may be included, provided no part of the weed is propagable.
While forming the stockpile, add limestone (CaCO3) at the rate of 1.0 kg of limestone per 1.0 m3 of mulch.
See Project specifications 6.4 – Management of site and imported planting media stockpiles for further guidance on positioning and management of planting media stockpiles.
Imported quarried rock mulch and non quarried stone is to be the size and type as shown on the Landscape Plan.
To be free of fines and other debris.
Size of rock mulch is to be considered, larger rocks are preferred so as not to be used as missiles. A risk assessment should be undertaken to determine suitability of site for the use of rock mulch.
Hydromulching is the hydraulic or mechanical application of seed, mulch, fertiliser, sticking agent (tackifier) and water to form a slurry. Used in locations where turfing and drill seeding are unsuitable for grass establishment such as slopes and batters steeper than 1:4. The resulting slurry is sprayed onto the soil surface providing a wood fibre interlocking mat that retains moisture for seed germination.
Hydromulching Type 1
Water the prepared surface prior to application.
Water used for hydromulching is to have:
a pH between 5.5 – 7.5
total soluble salts less than 1000 mg/L
no substances toxic to plant growth.
Hydromulching Type 2
First pass (hydroseeding) with hydraulically applied slurry of water, fibre (seed carrier), seed, fertiliser and soil ameliorants to a prepared surface
Second pass (hydromulching) with a hydraulically applied slurry of water, fibre and binder (bonded fibre matrix – BFM)
Additional passes (hydromulching) with a hydraulically applied BFM slurry where specified.
Pinned netting is typically made from jute, wood fibre, etc. and can be used to hold mulch to the ground on steep batters.
Biodegradable netting is preferred.
Install pinned netting as per manufacturer’s application instructions and safety procedures.
Galvanised staples/pins are to be used to fix fabric to subsoil The use of organic corn starch pins should be considered in situations where personal injury or damage to machinery may occur. These products are biodegradable, leaving no chemical or synthetic residue in the soil.
To secure mulch on very steep batters and as erosion control, install plant matting as per manufacturer’s application instructions and safety procedures.
Plant matting is to be biodegradable, e.g. jute or coir matting, as per landscape design.
Plant matting is to be secured using galvanised steel, corn starch staples/pins as per manufacturers instructions.
Prior to exposure to sunlight on site, the material is to have a geotextile strength rating (G) of greater than 900 in accordance with Transport and Main Roads Specifications: MRTS27 Geotextiles Separation and Filtration.
Flow rate of greater than 50 L/m2/s under 100 mm constant head as determined using the permittivity test procedures stated in AS 3706.9:2012 Geotextiles – Methods of test – Determination of permittivity, permeability and flow rate.
Equivalent opening size (EOS) of less than 200 µm for granular soils (i.e. D50s greater than 75µm) and the EOS of less than 85µm for cohesive soils (i.e. D50s less than 75µm) the geotextile as determined using the procedures stated in AS 3706.7:2014 Geotextiles – Methods of test – Determination of pore size distribution – Dry sieving method.
Geotextile fabric is to be installed as per the manufacturer’s instructions and as specified in the Schedule of Finishes.
Zip tying is an acceptable method of connecting multiple geotextile fabric sheets together.
Geotextile fabric is to be secured using galvanised steel, corn starch staples/pins as per manufacturers instructions.
A root barrier is a physical underground wall which effectively separates the root system of a tree from hard infrastructure to prevent tree root damage.
Root barriers are not recommended, and are to be considered a last resort solution in the management of tree roots. See Project specifications 9.1 – Key considerations for further guidance on alternative options.
Tree roots can damage infrastructure directly via physical force or presence, or indirectly by removing moisture from the surrounding soil. The flexible, waterproof cut off wall in root barrier systems effectively separates the tree from moisture that may be present.
Depth of installation is determined by a civil engineers assessment of the ‘zone of influence’ in the soil. In ‘normal’ reactive clay, depths between 1.5 m – 4.0 m may be expected. Typically a depth of 1.0 m – 2.0 m is required depending on soil type.
Sodium bentonite may be used in the installation of root barriers as both a waterproof seal and as a root growth inhibitor.
Preferably, the root barrier is to be located around the structure to be protected, out from and parallel to the footings. This is to avoid the tree roots gaining access to and damaging the structure, and to ensure that tree has access to a sufficient soil area.
A qualified Arborist is to be engaged prior to work being carried out and during installation, to assess and monitor tree health and to guide root barrier placement.
Trees are not to be surrounded by the root barrier.
Tree root barriers are not to be installed within the critical structural root zone of mature trees, to avoid destabilising the tree.
The length of the root barrier is to be sufficient to protect the structure from the effects of moisture change in the soil.
Excavate a 100 mm wide trench to the required depth.
Install root barrier, ensuring that a minimum of 50 mm is left above the finished ground height. This may be trimmed after the surface area has settled.
All roots in the top 600 mm must be hand pruned by a qualified arborist.
Base of trench is to be filled with a 50 – 100 mm layer of sodium bentonite.
Back fill trench.
Root barrier is to be trimmed to just below mower height, but above ground. Top of root barrier must be exposed on completion.
Root deflectors are an alternative to root barriers, directing growth downwards where shallow root conflicts need to be prevented.
A root deflector is a relatively shallow physical barrier placed between tree roots and surrounding infrastructure.
Root deflectors are used to minimise or restrict root access to hard landscaped areas and footpaths, preventing root swirl and diverting root growth downward and outward, minimising root damage to hard infrastructure.
For turf renovation/establishment within the TPZ of an established tree, see Project specifications 10.10 – Turf renovation/establishment within Tree Protection Zones (TPZ).
New turf area is to be sprayed with herbicide at the applicable rate to ensure weeds have been destroyed.
Sprayed area is to remain in an undisturbed state for 2 weeks. A follow up application may be required if weather conditions are unfavourable.
Remove all vegetation from surface.
Friable soil mix - imported and existing site soil, minimum imported depth 100 mm. Depth to be determined dependent on existing soil. Fertiliser to manufacturer’s recommendations, applied to soil prior to turf being laid.
Decompact and cultivate subsoil to 100 mm.
Ensure subsoil is free draining in preparation for topsoil application.
Large stones, roots, rubbish, spoil and other deleterious materials that may hinder plant growth are to be removed before adding growing medium.
A uniform application of topsoil to an average compacted thickness of 50 mm, with a minimum thickness of 30 mm.
Topsoiled area is to be cultivated to a depth of 50 mm, with soil lumps not exceeding 50 mm diameter, to provide a roughened surface.
Area is to be levelled and graded, taking into account drainage requirements and falls, as per landscape design.
For safety and ease of ongoing mowing maintenance of turfed areas, a slope gradient of 1:6 is preferred. A turf batter shall have a maximum slope gradient of 1:4 (where possible).
For sites where slope exceeds 1:4, other treatments shall be considered.
Where recommended by soil nutrient analysis, or as directed by superintendent, fertilisers are to be applied to the manufacturer’s application instructions, rates and safety procedures.
A–grade cultivated turf comprising a minimum of 95% of the turf species.
B–grade cultivated turf comprising a minimum of 80% of the turf species.
‘A’ and ‘B’ grade lawn turf are to be supplied as specified in schedule of finishes supplied by an accredited Turf Accreditation Program (TAP) producer.
Turf species to be determined by site conditions.
Soil thickness of turf sod is to be a minimum of 15 mm.
Turf is to be of good quality, free from oxalis (Oxalis spp.), nut grass (Cyperus rotundus), paspalum (Paspalum spp.) unless specified for salt tolerance, and other weed species.
Turf is to be delivered within 24 hours of cutting.
Soil attached to turf is to be free from tree roots and/or other deleterious organic or inorganic material.
Stack or roll turf, to protect and maintain until laid.
Turf is not to be allowed to dry out or overheat causing dieback.
Handle turf carefully to ensure minimum breakage and to prevent soil dropping from the roots.
Turf is to be laid within 36 hours of cutting. If turf is not laid within 36 hours, new turf is to be sourced for installation, as the turf may not recover sufficiently if allowed to dry out.
Turf to be laid along contours with staggered, close butted joints, graded evenly with no hollows, so that finished turf surface is level with adjacent surface levels.
Lawn turf should be graded evenly and must be rolled to ensure it has no undulations, makes good contact with the ground and drains easily.
Runs of turf are to be placed perpendicular to the direction of water flow, to minimise lifting.
Turf is to be laid parallel with the long sides of level areas and with contours on slopes.
Lightly roll and water to ensure an even grade of soil with no bumps or depressions.
After turf sods are laid and lightly rolled, apply topsoil over turf areas, comb into position then lightly roll to a smooth surface using a water filled roller.
Turf laid on steep slopes greater than 1:4 is to be pegged down using galvanised pegs (or similar) as necessary to prevent downslope movement.
All turf to be maintained from first installation until satisfactory establishment is achieved. Dependent on local weather conditions, a minimum establishment period of 12 weeks is required.
Do not lay turf in extreme hot or cold weather.
Turf is to display optimal health and vigour.
Turf to be supplied with adequate nutrients and water, as per the maintenance schedule.
Turf to be kept free of pests and diseases.
Where required, lift failed turf and relay with new turf of the specified turf species.
See Maintenance specifications 4.0 – Turf maintenance for further guidance.
It is preferable that the entire area beneath a tree canopy is mulched.
Where turf establishment must occur within the TPZ, a mulched collar must be provided to a minimum diameter of 2.0 m, wider where possible.
No scalping or scraping of the existing turf/soil layer is to occur.
No machinery is to be used to remove existing turf within the TPZ of a tree.
Existing turf removal and topsoil cultivation is to be carefully undertaken by hand.
If herbicide is required, it must be safe for application around trees.
No sub-surface cultivation is to occur within the TPZ of a tree, specifically deep cultivation and/or compaction of the sub base.
Top soil cultivation is to be carefully undertaken by hand.
Shade tolerant grass varieties should be selected to ensure successful establishment under tree canopy.
Where topsoil is to be introduced, apply thinly and loosely.
Nutrient content of topsoil and/or added fertiliser should consider the N: P: K ratio of the target tree, in particular around phosphorous sensitive Australian natives.
Contractor to arrange for an inspection of the plants prior to delivery to site or provide digital photos for the approval of the Superintendent.
The Contractor is to supply and install plants as detailed in the ‘plant schedule’ and ‘planting plan’.
Where possible, supplier is to be located within a 100 km radius of Sunshine Coast Council boundary, in order for plant stock to be properly acclimatised to the region.
Plants grown outside of this region are to be relocated to the area for a minimum of 8 weeks prior to planting in order for the stock to acclimatise.
Plants to be healthy, vigorous, well established, free from pests and diseases and of good form consistent with the species or variety. Trees must be certified NATSPEC compliant by a qualified Arborist.
Plant stock is to be true to type.
Root systems to be healthy with no evidence of root curl, restriction or damage.
Root bound plants will not be accepted.
Plants to be hardened off for the prevailing site conditions, not soft or forced, and conditioned to be suitable for planting in the natural climatic conditions of the site.
Plants to be supplied in weed-free containers of required size.
Where project delay occurs that may cause containerised plant stock to become overgrown, Contractor is to arrange for the plant supplier to repot the stock on to the next larger size. This only applies when plant stock is under the control of the Contractor. Contractor is to obtain approval from the Superintendent prior to potting on.
Plants are to be of a consistent height, width, form and maturity when plantings occur in pairs, groups or lines.
Plants are to be planted in the locations, spacings and orientations as shown on the landscape plan.
Where bioretention basins or WSUDs (Water Sensitive Urban Design) are incorporated into a landscape, plant selection is to consider possible future impacts to engineering outcomes, e.g. root damage or structural damage.
If drawings are not supplied, face of tree or ex-ground stock to present to profile side.
The Contractor is to seek approval from the Superintendent where variations to planting locations are made to:
Appropriate plant spacings are to be provided to avoid establishment problems and plant failure due to over or under embellishment.
Plant size at maturity is to be considered to ensure minimal or partial overlap of other plantings.
Considerations are to be taken into account in regards to the species’ spread and habit, to minimise undesirable issues.
An over embellishment of plants in a small area forces plants to compete for nutrients, whereby they can struggle to establish.
Landscaping must not encroach onto kerb and channel, footpaths, established assets, pedestrian or vehicular circulation areas during any stage of growth. See LIM Planting Palette for plant site suitability.
Landscaping must not obstruct overland flow paths and must include adequate drainage to minimise ponding. Mulch and any floatable material must not be located in swales or overland flow paths.
To ensure long term coverage of planting area, groundcovers are to be appropriately spaced to allow for healthy establishment. An over embellishment of plants in a small area forces plants to compete for nutrients, whereby they can struggle to establish.
The topsoil level of the plant root ball is to be level with the finished surface of the surrounding soil. The natural flare of the trunk should be visible.
Ensure root ball is moist and plant in its final position, in the centre of the hole and plumb.
Holes for planting are to be prepared no more than twenty four hours before planting.
Excavate a hole for each plant slightly larger than the root ball (approximately 3 times the root ball size), with sloped sides, to a depth that ensures rootball sits at, or slightly above grade when positioned in the planting hole.
Break up sides of the hole, particularly in heavy clay soils.
Thirty minutes prior to planting 5.0 L of water is to be placed in hole.
Soak root ball thoroughly before removing from the container.
Carefully remove plant from the container and inspect rootball with minimal disturbance.
Gently tease out roots, as required.
Where girdling or tightly packed roots are present, gently loosen the rootball, teasing and straightening roots out of the mass.
Remove matted and coiled roots with secateurs.
Severely girdled roots are to be vertically sliced then pulled away from container.
Rootball is to be thoroughly watered in the hole before soil is added.
Back fill with topsoil mixture or site soil as per landscape documents.
Lightly tamp and lightly water to eliminate air pockets. Do not compact soil surface.
Ensure top soil level of the plant rootball is level with the finished surface of the surrounding soil.
Do not mix topsoil with mulch.
Nursery stakes, ties and labels must be removed at time of planting. Where appropriate and safe, nursery stakes may be required to remain for a longer period to provide ongoing support. These supports are to be removed by the end of the maintenance period.
The Contractor is to give the Superintendent minimum five (5) working days’ notice so that trees may be inspected by an Council Arborist at the supplier’s premises before shipment.
The Contractor is to give the Superintendent two working days’ notice of tree stock’s arrival to site to approve trees and tree locations/orientation prior to installation.
All stock is to conform to the stock selection criteria outlined in:
AS 2303:2018 – Tree stock for landscape use.
All tree stock over 200 mm is to be certified NATSPEC compliant by Project Arborist.
Council may request photographs, joint nursery inspection, or nominate a preferred supplier to undertake assessment of stock in accordance with NATSPEC principles and/or inspection of stock at delivery.
Council may request stock or size substitutions if NATSPEC quality cannot be achieved.
Compliant tree stock must have a tamper proof tag attached.
Where possible, street trees are to have a minimum 1.2 m clear trunk for visibility, unless specified otherwise. Clarification is required from Project Arborist and NATSPEC guidelines.
Trees are to have a well established single leader, unless otherwise specified. May vary depending on species.
Bifurcated trees with included bark will not be accepted regardless of species, whether excurrent or decurrent in habit.
Trees are to have an appropriate calliper for bag/pot size.
Any trees that do not comply with the tabled NATSPEC tree stock selection criteria may be rejected on arrival to site.
To allow for greater root penetration into the surrounding soil, council’s preference is the use of a chain trencher, rather than an auger bit, for planting holes. This avoids effectively placing a tree into a ‘pot’ in the field.
Tree positions and quantities are to be set out as detailed on the landscape plan, unless directed otherwise by Superintendent.
Tree planting pits are to be excavated to the depth of the rootball and cultivated to a width of 2-3 times rootball diameter.
Cultivate subgrade to a depth of 150 mm.
Where possible, tree planting pit is not to be circular in shape as this may encourage girdling of root system.
To avoid girdling of roots in heavy soils, create flared side wall, or rip edges
Lightly tease out roots when planting
In extreme situations, rootball shaving may be necessary. This must be undertaken only by a qualified Arborist.
For tree placement, see section Project specifications – 10.0 Plants.
Feature/street trees are to be positioned centrally in planting hole and root crown is placed at ground level or slightly higher to allow for settling
Trunk flare is to be at the height of the finished hole, or just above.
Backfill with friable imported garden blend soil, mixed with existing site soil (50%/50%), between 15-25% organic content.
Newly planted trees are to be watered in with 5.0 L of appropriately diluted Seasol (or equivalent) solution allowing the water to penetrate the planting pit.
See Table 7: Positioning of trees for further guidance.
Table 7: Positioning of trees
Embellishment
Minimum distance
Kerb and footpath
600–1000 mm behind kerb (where possible) or centrally located between kerb and footpath (future or existing). Position is also dependent on verge width.
Adjoining driveway
2.5 m, dependent on tree species and service locations.
Adjacent underground service
1.0 m distance may vary according to service provider.
Street corners (to maintain sight lines)
6.0 m from tangent point (kerb)
Street lighting
3.0 m
Stormwater catchment pits
2.0 m
Playground, shelter or other park infrastructure
To prevent unintended access to structures and embellishments.
See relevant embellishment sections in the LIM for further guidance.
* Note: These distances may vary on main roads due to higher speeds. See Department of Transport and Main Roads – Main Roads Technical Specifications and Austroads.
Stakes to be centrally pointed, driven vertically into ground outside of rootball and to be located as per plan view in drawings. Do not pierce the rootball.
Stakes are to be driven in to a height to ensure lower lateral limbs are not damaged, but not so deep that they can not be removed when required.
Stakes to be appropriate to the size of stock to be planted.
Use hardwood or treated softwood timber stakes, free from knots, warps and other deformities that may cause the stake to fail.
Stakes are to be placed parallel to the kerb where possible, or as specified by the Superintendent. In open exposed sites, stakes are to be positioned in a NE and SW orientation to protect trees from the prevailing SE winds.
Guying ties are to be hessian, hessian/PVC or soft flexible tree tie, 50 mm in width.
Ties are to be secured loosely to tree in a figure 8 loop to allow flexibility and growth, and fixed to the stake with galvanised flat head nails or staples. Ties are to be loose enough to allow for some movement in high wind periods.
Height of tie is to be 1/3 to 2/3 from finished ground level.
Underground tree anchoring systems may be used to secure trees without the use of stakes and ties. These systems are suitable for rootballed and containerised semi mature tree stock.
A rootball equal to the width of the canopy of the tree and to a depth of approximately 500 mm should be selected for uplifting.
The circumference of the rootball should be cleanly trenched with a sharp implement, to avoid tearing or breaking the roots and to minimise the surface area of wounds.
Trees should be carefully lifted from the ground and rootballs wrapped in hessian (or similar) to keep the rootball from falling apart.
Once lifted from their current location, trees for transplanting should be transferred to their new location as soon as possible. Where there are delays for any reason, roots must be kept covered and moist.
Trees should be handled extremely carefully when replanting, to avoid additional loss of roots.
Replanting should be undertaken in accordance with this section
All newly transplanted trees should receive proper maintenance and care post transplanting to adequately recover from transplant shock. Frequent watering is critical, especially in the first 6 weeks.
Maintenance should be carried out until the root system is stable and anchored in the ground (12 months minimum).
The Contractor is to give the Superintendent five (5) working days’ notice so that palms may be inspected by Council Arborist at the supplier’s premises before shipment.
The Contractor is to give the Superintendent two working days’ notice of tree stock’s arrival to site to approve palms and palm locations/orientation prior to installation.
Although most palms prefer an acid soil with a pH of between 6 and 6.5, considerations are to be made to manage the pH level of planting media in relation to desired species.
Ensure palms are positioned centrally in planting hole and root initiation zone is placed at ground level or slightly higher to allow for settling.
Positions and quantities are to be set out as detailed on the landscape plan, unless directed otherwise by Superintendent.
Tree pit is to be excavated to depth of rootball and cultivated to a width of 2-3 X rootball diameter.
To avoid girdling of roots in heavy soils, create flared side wall or rip edges.
Lightly tease our roots when planting
Backfill with friable imported garden blend soil, mixed with existing site soil (50% / 50%), between 15-25% organic content.
Loosen compacted sides of the hole as necessary to prevent confinement of root growth to the hole.
Palms are to be thoroughly soaked in containers before planting, particularly when planting in dry areas.
Badly coiled roots are to be straightened out or trimmed.
Dead roots are to be removed.
Dead or dying fronds are to be removed prior to planting.
Palms are to be planted to depth of palm root-shoot interface, not to original planting depth. Extensive settling of potting soil may have occurred, causing the interface to be elevated from soil surface.
The root initiation zone at base of trunk is extremely sensitive and planting too deeply can cause root suffocation, nutritional difficulties, root rot and may lead to loss of palm stock.
Backfill planting hole with original soil where possible.
See Project specifications 11.0 – Plants for further guidance on palm placement.
Tall, ex-ground palms are to be supported to prevent toppling in high winds and to assist establishment of a stable rootball to soil interface.
The following methods are acceptable for supporting palms:
three hardwood or treated softwood timber stakes and guy wires supporting the trunk.
rootball guying systems.
underground tree anchoring systems may be used to secure trees without the use of stakes and ties. These systems are suitable for rootballed and containerised semi mature tree or palm stock.
See Project specifications 14.4 – Auxiliary landscape embellishments – Tree rootball guying for further guidance.
Deep planting is not an acceptable alternative to support.
For further guidance on palm staking, see Project specifications 12.8 – Trees – Stakes and ties.
Tree grates should be designed to consider the following:
tree roots which may rise to the surface and push tree grate upwards
trunk expansion
level of root ball crown
reduction of litter accumulation i.e. cigarette butts.
Orientation of tree grate openings so that the longest dimension is parallel to direction of pedestrian travel, or parallel to kerb if used in road reserve.
The maximum hole size in a tree grate must be 8.0 mm to resist entry by high heeled shoes.
Tree grates must be bicycle safe to avoid trapping or ‘tramlining’ cyclists.
Transition must be flush between the tree grate and the adjoining surfaces to prevent trip hazards.
Tree rootball guying is an alternative system for tree support, and is particularly suited to large rootball trees in addition to smaller tree stock.
Enables the tree to get necessary support while still allowing for natural movement.
As there are no stakes or exposed cables, pedestrian hazards and visual impacts are reduced.
Tree rootball guying systems generally consist of 3 or 4 straps with steel anchors and a root ball protection mat. The straps may be woven poly webbing, or a biodegradable webbing.
Sunshine Coast Open Space Landscape Infrastructure Manual (LIM) DISCLAIMER
Disclaimer
Information contained in this document may change without notice and you should use the current material available from Council’s website and not rely on material previously printed or stored by you.
All figures and diagrams are intended to be used as an aid to design and include Council’s preferred elements but they are not intended to be prescriptive and may need to be varied as dictated by site specific factors. While Council has exercised reasonable care in preparing this document, it does not warrant or represent that it is accurate or complete. The Council will not accept responsibility for any loss, damage, cost or expense that you may incur as a result of the use of or reliance upon any material contained in this document.
This document is produced to convey general information and is not intended to constitute advice whether professional or legal. Any reference to legislation in this document is not an interpretation of the law. It is to be used as a guide only. Consult relevant authority websites for current documents, revisions and amendments.
Where a particular product or supplier is profiled in this document, Council is NOT nominating this product or supplier as the selected choice. Product/supplier information has been provided to allow users to source products which contain the correct elements required for Council embellishments. Each product profiled states ‘or equivalent’ which means that different products may be supplied provided they satisfy the identified performance criteria, recommended standards, equal access guidance and product specifications.
Product design, manufacture and installation requires appropriately qualified people to provide site specific solutions to ensure the embellishment is appropriately adapted to local conditions and data.
This document does not override requirements stipulated in a development approval. Project specific variations may be appropriate as a result of site, environmental or other constraints. Any variations to these standards must be approved in writing by council prior to commencement of variation works. Components of this document may be used within a contract document but users should undertake their own investigations to confirm the information is suitable for this purpose.
Drawings contained in this document are NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION.
Details in this document are deemed to be the minimum standard and the user may wish to apply a higher standard subject to approval by council.
Acknowledgements
Council wishes to thank all contributors and stakeholders involved in the development of this document.
Copyright
Sunshine Coast Regional Council (Council) supports and encourages the distribution of its material however, copyright protects this document. Council has no objection to this material being reproduced but only if council is recognised as the owner of the copyright and this material remains unaltered.
